Top Advice on Topics for English Essay

Top Advice on Topics for English Essay Get the Scoop on Topics for English Essay Before You're Too Late Instead of just immediately writing about your argumentative essay topic, you should first think about what it is you're likely to put back on your paper through a procedure of brainstorming and pre-writing. When prior brainstorming is finished, you can begin drafting your essay. Such sample essays can be very helpful, as they can give a complete picture of what a wonderful essay is. A renowned book you don't appreciate in any way. Then take a look at a list of argumentative essay suggestions to help you begin. To do so, you will need to get a guide to compose the very best essay on the selected topic. In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to locate ready-made essays and use them as an example. It might be really boring to look for worthy English essay topics on your own, thus we think that it's time to provide you with a hand of assistance. 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English is really the most demandable language on earth from past many decades. Life After Topics for English Essay Understanding how to compose a strong argumentative paper can help you advance your very own argumentative thinking. Perhaps the main conside ration to remember in writing essay exams is you have a limited quantity of time and space to get upon the knowledge you've acquired and your capacity to utilize it. One of the greatest strategies to change anybody's mind is with an emotional investment. When you're picking your topic, remember that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a great deal about it.

John Brown A Social Raid - 1411 Words

When speaking about the Civil War and what led to it, a lot of names come to mind. One of them is the legendary leader John Brown. Not only to his peers at the time, but to the nation until this day. â€Å"If it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my blood further with the blood of my children and with the blood of millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments-I submit; so let it be done.† -John Brown. John Brown came from a history of religious, military and anti-slavery family. Through his life he has dealt with mutipule losses such as His grandfather who died in the Revolutionary War. The greatest loss of all was the death of his mother at a young age. â€Å"This loss was complete and permanent.† (Horwitz, 1). He lost his wife, Mary Ann Brown, in a similar way that he had lost his mom. He also lost some of his children. Religion was a major pri ncipal to John as he strongly believed the in cleansing of his children’s sins away through punishment. John brown had three children: John junior, Jason and Ruth. Brown did his very best to remove sin out of his children, in himself and also others like his father. He liked to travel to new territory and and the one place he settled in was Northern Pennsylvania he cleared out some land, built a tannery, raised stock and like hiss father became a civil leader. He also founded a school and church serving as the areasShow MoreRelatedThe Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas Nebraska Act Essay1117 Words   |  5 Pagespolitics the next step that sectional factions took was violence. Sectional tensions escalated so quickly into physical violence because Northerners and Southerners felt that each opposing group was not only attacking their financial institutions but social and culture institutions as well. The Kansas- Nebraska act of 1854 started the violent bloody Kansas revolt because it interfered with an already recognized agreement between the two sections. The Missouri Compromise had already established the futureRead MoreJohn Brown: A Brief Biography627 Words   |  3 PagesFrom 1820 to 1860, American social reform movements were described as rigid perfectionism, impatience with compromise, and doubt of established social institutions. These qualities elucidate the extent of which these movements have succeeded or failed in achieving their objectives. John Brown was an extreme abolitionist who believed in the forceful overthrow of the slave system. Although John Brown’s aim and views on slavery were rational, his approach at stopping slavery was illogical and derangedRead MoreControversial Dedication : A Study Of John Brown s Politics1483 Words   |  6 PagesControversial Dedication: A Study of John Brown’s Politics â€Å"I, John Brown am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away; but with blood. I had as I now think: vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed, it might be done.† – John Brown (1859) Few abolitionists have shown the die-hard dedication that John Brown presented during the battle to end slavery. Most abolitionists, such as Frederick Douglas, focused on giving speeches to persuade people toRead MoreThe Heroes Of The 1800 S1308 Words   |  6 Pagesliberator (Thoreau, A plea for Captain John Brown, 1859), terrorist (Horwitz, The 9/11 of 1859, 2009) and a National hero (Reynolds, Freedom’s Martyr, 2009) all at once. This man’s name was John Brown. As just recently mentioned, Brown was called many things by many different people However, If Brown needed to be summed up into one description he would be described as an ignorant liberator. In David Reynolds â€Å"Freedom’s Martyr† Reynolds explains why Brown is captured and the reason of his raidingRead MoreThe Work of Three Major Abolitionists: Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison and John Brown1328 Words   |  6 Pagesand the ending of racial segregation and discrimination. Although abolitionist worked together and helped each other there were three that were the most recognizable. These three major abolitionists, Fredrick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, and John Brown all helped spark the feud between the North and the South. Fredrick Douglass, an African-American abolitionist showed his thoughts on slavery through the voice of a former slave. Fredrick Douglass, born, as a slave in Talbot County, Maryland inRead MoreJohn Brown : Abolitionist or Psychopath3669 Words   |  15 PagesJohn Brown: Abolitionist or Psychopath His 378 August 3, 2012 John Brown Part 1 1. On October 16, 1859 John Brown led a group of men to Harper’s Ferry, Virginia and raided the Federal arsenal. Brown wanted to create an army of African-Americans that would in the end help release black slaves in the Southern states. Brown and his men manage to capture the arsenal but the town people of Harper’s Ferry surrounded the buildings and trapped Brown and his men. Brown had intended to steal the government’sRead MoreUnited States Rights Vs. Federal Rights3721 Words   |  15 Pageslegislations of the new territories that would soon become states. John Brown is an important historical figure, especially regarding the Civil War and the issue of slavery. He was passionate in his cause to rise against slavery and is known even today to have done everything in his power to prove his point. John Brown devoted much of his life to help slaves and end the institution of slavery. Unlike most abolitionists of the time, Brown was more than willing to resort to violence for his cause and killedRead MoreU.S. History: Abolitionist John Brown607 Words   |  2 PagesJohn Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry, Virginia was an attempt to steal from the federal armory in order to arm the slaves with the needed weapons and lead a black rebellion aimed at ending slavery and pave the way for racial equality. The subject of this paper will be about John Brown’s journey in formulating the plan to start the rebellion against slavery which ultimately forced greater tension between the north and the south which induced the possibility of a Civil War. Abolitionist John BrownRead MoreThe Dred Scott Trial, Bleeding Kansa1536 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil War had many things that contributed to the start of it such as slavery. Events like The Underground Railroad, Missouri Compromise, Nat Turner Rebellion, compromise of 1850, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, the Dred Scott trial, Bleeding Kansa, John Brown Raid, Abe’s Election and the Battle of Fort Sumter. All of these events had key factors, even the smallest things add up. Whether it be an uprising or even a book might change the views or opinions that you have on slavery. What if it supported yourRead MoreThe American Civil War1374 Words   |  6 Pagespurposes. The North and South had economic and social differences causing many disagreements. They argued about state and federal rights, expansion of slave states, the Abolition Movement, and the election of Abraham Lincoln. The economic and social differences between the North and South made many people discontent. In the North the Federalists favored a strong federal government. The Federalists were ran by George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and John Adams. Their economic policy favored trade

Cause And Effect Essay Example For Students

Cause And Effect Essay Courtesy throughout the generations has deteriorated among everyone. Possible causes for the decline of courtesy in society are lower standards of morals, the courtesy we receive ourselves, and the want for materialistic things. With the demeanor of morals, self-confidence, and values being little to none; courtesy among ourselves and strangers has diminished. In a whole, society has turned into greedy and self-absorbed people. The standard morals of now differ highly from generations ago. People were more giving, helpful, and sympathetic before my time. The incessant want for materialistic things has turned our generation into green-eyed monsters. As a result of our selfishness, courtesy among people in general is now hateful. We respond to people in need in a way that is egotistic. We feel that we will never have to be in a position of need a dime for that extra emergency phone call, or we will never have a tire blow-out on the highway. We, our society, thinks too highly of itself causing us to not be empathetic. In the same way that moral values affect our kindness and courtesy, the response we receive from other people affect our reactions. For instance, when standing in a grocery line being checked out and not having quite the right change. If a willing person behind you were to spare some change, you would be more likely to return the favor towards another person short on hand. Similarly, when driving through heavy traffic; if someone were to cut you off, you would be more prone to drive offensively. In addition to our moral values and the way respond to others, we tend to have not realized the importance of human life. We blow off a kind thank you and not even think of the impact that a compliment would have on someone. A kind attitude or a courteous gesture shown would give people a reason to be courteous to others. We take human feelings and random acts of kindness for granted everyday. An excuse me, or a thank you goes unnoticed and unappreciated in our daily lives. We assume that a person really isnt sorry, or really doesnt care if you were to get on the first available elevator even though it was full. This lack of recognition towards other peoples kindness causes us to not be courteous towards others. It is always the extra smile you give to your waitress even though she has messed up your order, and the extra time you waste to let the pregnant mother have your taxi. On the whole, if we were to be able to recognize the reasons that cause our inability to be courteous towards others, we would be able to solve it. Its that extra mile that people go to show appreciation that people notice, and give respect to. A kind act shown to us would make us retaliate with kinds act on other people. Even though our moralistic values and over all quality of life has declined, we could still stop and think to recognize other people. We could stop this ongoing issue of not being able to lend a helping hand. The declination of courtesy towards other people could stop somewhere if one person would stand up and show a random act of kindness.

Kudler Fine Foods Essay Example Essay Example

Kudler Fine Foods Essay Example Paper Kudler Fine Foods Essay Introduction In this paper I explain what opportunities Kudler Fine Foods has in terms of information technology, and describe how the company might benefit from implementing enterprise-wide computer information system. Computer information system brief Kudler Fine Foods (KFF) is a local chain of gourmet food stores with annual sales of more than 10M offering specialized products to targeted customers. The company has three locations in the San Diego metropolitan area (La Jolla, Del Mar and Encinitas) and plans to add more stores soon (Kudler Fine Foods, 2008). As a typical mid-size food retailer KFF has following key accounting information system needs: †¢Inventory management and optimization †¢Customer and sales management †¢Revenue management (including bank reconciliations and cash ) †¢Reports and inquiries †¢Employees and payroll †¢Security Kudler currently has an individual point-of-sale (POS) computer system in every store. The elements of each store POS are c onnected through Ethernet. 56K modem provides an internet access. All Kudler’s hardware and software are outdated. Each store keeps data on a separate server, store’s systems are not connected and don’t share POS information. KFF computerized most strategically important operations, but didn’t integrate them in enterprise-wide information system. The reliance on manual processes for such important areas as cost management, inventory replenishes, and financial statements, as well as the lack of integration between store locations show significant room for improvements. The main disadvantages of a current Kudler’s information system are luck of integration between all stores and outdated hardware and software. Kudler Fine Foods Essay Body Paragraphs Current Kudler’s system should be replaced with new and effective enterprise-wide information system. Until such system is in place and fully functioning it is highly advisable for the company to not seek out new locations. Inventory management and optimization Inventory management is the most important part of a retail business. To satisfy customers supermarkets have to have big variety of perishable and not perishable items. Retail industry is very competitive. Storage place in a supermarket is limited and must be used as effectively as possible. If a retail store does not carry enough of a product, then there is a loss of potential customers. On the other hand, if a store is overloaded with perishable goods that are not selling, the business loses money. Keeping up with large quantities and varieties of goods can be difficult, even with the help of an automated system. Kudler doesn’t have a purchasing department and relies on each store manager to order inventory. Pu rchase order is the main document in replenishing an inventory for Kudler. Prepared purchase order forms are mailed, handed to supplier salesmen, faxed, or sent by e-mail. Each store manager has to perform manual work to prepare purchase orders, to check with counterparts at the other stores on the pricing, quality, and delivery. Store managers are encouraged to combine orders between their stores if they feel they can save from ordering a larger quantity of a particular item or multiple items. Current Kudler’s inventory system is vulnerable to human errors and is inefficient. Store managers have to perform theirs managing duties and at the same time to work as purchase agents. The company is not benefiting from it. The inventory management should be done through integrated computer system for all three stores and delegated to several individuals or a department who would take care about the entire chain. The whole process can be paperless by utilizing intranet and internet. Customers and sales management Price is not the primary differentiating factor for Kudler consumers; they are focused on quality and variety of specialized items. Customer satisfaction is directly related to inventories and quality of customer service. Current Kudler’s information system limits company’s ability to track customer purchase behavior. KFF tracks information such as dollar value and profit margin per transaction, dollar sales and profit levels by day, and dollar sales and profit margins by item (Kudler Fine Foods, 2008). However, in an effort to leverage the information to create a more intimate relationship with their customers, the firm is developing a system to track customer purchase behavior over time. Basically KFF is wasting recourses creating one more stand-alone module that is not integrated in nterprise-wide inventory system. It would be more cost efficient for Kudler to do some customization of inventory management to obtain information about cu stomer behavior. Company’s web site doesn’t provide customers with an opportunity to place online orders. The company would benefit from installing e-commerce software and connecting it to merchandise database. It would be beneficial for Kudler to run a blog on company’s web site where customers can give a feedback and learn about in-store events, cooking classes, gourmet recipes, etc. Revenue management POS system in every store provides daily sales report. This report is a starting point for each store manager to forecast future sales and cash flows. Sometimes stores have difficulties with cash purchases of large amounts of fresh locally grown produce, because of not sufficient cash on store’s bank account. If stores were able to have one consolidated bank account it would be easier to accumulate cash for purchases. The main obstacle to it is an absence of integrated computer information system for all stores. Cash deposits and bank reconciliations proc edures are performed manually by comparing deposits slips with bank’s recorded activity. Special employee has duties to perform daily and monthly reconciliations. The reconciliation process can be computerized and save the company’s recourses. Reports and inquiries Financial reports and inquiries are the most important documents for business decision making. KFF management has no ability to create a company-wide view of operations. There is no enterprise-wide approach to standard cost reporting, inventory management, cash and revenue management, financial reporting, and security. In essence KFF information system consists of stand-alone separate modules that need to be integrated to ensure a long term growth of the company. Lack of integration makes it difficult for management to get critical for business decision making information such as inventory turnover, return on assets, return on invested capital, cash flows forecast. Employees and payroll Kudler uses QuickBook s and outsources payroll to Intuit for annual cost of $8,500. At the same time the company has to do a lot of manual work related to payroll (Kudler Fine Foods, 2008): †¢Employees fill out time sheets manually each week These time sheets are faxed to accounting, where the data is entered for payroll purposes †¢Managers are responsible for tracking any requests for time off and vacation †¢Workers’ compensation is managed by a third party provider, which keeps its own records Kudler would benefit from updating its old version of QuickBooks to QuickBooks Enterprise Solutions and Time Clock Plus. Time Clock hardware is not expensive and can be installed in every store. Employees will not have to fill out time sheets manually, they only will need to clock in at the beginning of a shift and clock out at the end. If all three stores are connected, employee information can be automatically transferred into QuickBooks timesheets. Accounting clerk can process payroll on site. QuickBooks Enterprise Solutions payroll module is easy to use and can take care about all payroll needs including quarterly and yearly reports, W-2s, Workers’ compensation fees, etc. The entire process can be done automatically and save company’s recourses. Security Enterprise-wide information system must be protected from unauthorized use and fraud. This can be accomplished by incorporating password protection, firewall, daily backups, and proper employee training. Although a hacker attack is a very real threat to information systems, employees might be culprits in the destruction or alteration of company information. Former or disgruntled workers who want revenge on their employer or supervisor have been known to resort to computer crime. To prevent such damages to the company’s databases, employees need to have restrictive access based on their duties. Terminated employees must have their accounts removed immediately. All Kudler’s employees have to go through training how to use company’s computers. Conclusion Current KFF information system consists of stand-alone separate modules. The company computerized most strategically important operations, but didn’t integrate them in enterprise-wide information system. The reliance on manual processes for such important areas as cost management, inventory replenishment, financial statements, and the lack of integration between store locations show significant room for improvements. Investment in new hardware, software and network infrastructure between stores are essential to the future growth of the company. Until such systems are in place and fully functioning it is highly advisable for the company to not add new locations. References Kudler Fine Foods. (2008). Kudler Fine Foods. Retrieved from ://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/cist/vop/business/Kudler/KudlerHome002. htm Kudler Fine Foods . (2008). Finance Accounting. Retrieved from ://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secur e/aapd/cist/vop/business/Kudler/Finance/KudlerFinanc eProcPOS001. htm Kudler Fine Foods. (2008). Finance Accounting. Retrieved from ://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/cist/vop/business/Kudler/Finance/KudlerFinanc eProcPay001. htm We will write a custom essay sample on Kudler Fine Foods Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Kudler Fine Foods Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Kudler Fine Foods Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

The Greater Right essays

The Greater Right essays Abortion has, and will continue to be a constant debate of right and wrong. The moral and social aspects of the issue have been in conflict since the 1950s. The conflict of the rights of the women compared to the rights of the child cannot easily be solved due to the complexity of the issue. Many have argued that a woman should have complete control over her own body. The conflict with this is that many believe that the womans morals may not be present in her decision. The other side of the argument is based on the rights of the child. Most people on this side believe that the childs life should be treated like everyone elses. This means that if the life is taken, the taker should be considered a murderer. Abortion should be allowed, as long as it is not abused and used as a birth control. Female bodies are designed to bear offspring, unless disrupted by physical malfunction or human intervention (Podell). However, women have been attempting to control this function since the 1950s (Podell). Abortion has been used as a birth control, but it should not be if women hope to persuade others to keep it legal. The right to control reproduction is argued to be equivalent to free speech and equality (Podell). To project this idea, Cleo Kocol wrote a book describing abortion as just one of many medical procedures. A problem arrives when people question the morality, and competency, of the women choosing this procedure. One question that arises from the whole issue: Are women working towards a controlled choice, or an accommodated one (Podell)? A controlled choice is not really a choice. For example, we can choose to eat at any restaurant that we want. There is no government official or law prohibiting us from eating at a certain restaurant. That freedom is what separates a choice from a decision (Pojman). We decide between options presented to us, where as we choose our own...

Quotes From the Classic Novel Black Boy

Quotes From the Classic Novel Black Boy Black Boy  by Richard Wright was first published in 1945. This autobiographical novel was a bestseller, and it is an important 20th-century work of literature. Another famous novel by Richard Wright, Native Son, was published in 1940. Here are a few quotes from Black Boy. Black Boy Quotes The faint cool kiss of sensuality when dew came onto my cheeks and shins as I ran down the wet green garden paths in the early morning. Im hungry now, but I wont live with you. Im doing all I can, When you get through, kiss back there. White, red and black, but quickly tells him to hush, saying, Theyll call you a colored man when you grow up. Do you mind, Mr. Wright? You cant eat a dead dog, can you? If I kissed my elbow, I would turn into a girl. At the age of twelve, before I had had one full year of formal schooling, I had a conception of life that no experience would ever erase, a predilection for what was real that no argument could ever gainsay, a sense of the world that was mine and mine alone, a notion as to what life meant that no education could ever alter, a conviction that the meaning of living came only when one was struggling to wring a meaning out of meaningless suffering. I said to myself, that boy just doesnt know what hes doing... The naked will of power seemed always to walk in the wake of a hymn. You ought to know God through some church. Even if that isnt right, its not far wrong. I never saw a dog bite that could really hurt... the principals speech is the better speech. My ass is tough and quarters is scarce. This was the culture from which i sprang. This was the terror from which I fled. Color hate defined the place of black life as below that of white life... Having been thrust out of the world because of my race, I had accepted my destiny by not being curious about what shaped it. Trying to please everybody, I pleased nobody... We must have a purge. You lost people! I lived in the South and I never saw any chain gangs. Get out of our ranks! I would send other words to tell, to march, to fight, to create a sense of the hunger of life that gnaws in us all, to keep alive in our hearts a sense of the inexpressibly human.

Does Stendhal have anything important to tell us about love Essay

Does Stendhal have anything important to tell us about love - Essay Example In this paper, the contribution of Stendhal towards love as a topic and a writing theme will be analyzed, judging his writings from the eyes of analysts and critics. In his book on love, Stendhal attempted to make a rational analysis of human emotions, feelings and attitudes towards each other. To make a complete analysis of love and the way it impacts on different people and leaders, Stendhal analyzed four main types of love. According to Stendhal, love can be categorized based on the individual feeling, impact it has on the people and the input that sustains it. Passionate love was initially developed by the Portuguese nuns according to Stendhal and exists between individuals, families and even social groupings. The bond that brings together families and members of a given society, religious group or even political grouping is associated with the passionate attraction that they develop through constant interaction. Families, for example, are determined to protect and provide for their members as a way of showing that their existence goes beyond a social grouping, but a manifestation of passionate love shared (Toker, 2014, p.251). On the other hand, mannered love has its origin in Paris and has been captured in different French memoirs and stories including those involving chamfer and lauzun. Artists have attempted to illustrate the mannered love using different tools including the rosy hues that have no spot to show negativity and ill feelings. Whatsoever is unpleasant in mannered love will result into a breach of the better taste and etiquette that has been developed from this kind of love (Foster, 2014, p311). Any individual who attempts to nurture such kinds of love must first ensure that the rituals and stages involved are observed and followed. According to Stendhal, Mannered love results into more intense

Global warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Global warming - Essay Example The incidence of climatic disasters is becoming more and more frequent. Hurricanes, floods, drought etc are continuously occurring at different parts of the world. It has been Man induced changes in the environment has been causing changes atmosphere and the ecology, which is eventually leading to climate change and global warming. The objective of this easy is to analyse the causes and impacts of global warming. It has been estimated that the average temperature of the air near earth’s surface has risen by 1.3 Fahrenheit (Venkataramanan & Smitha, 2011). However, this does not mean that every corner of the earth experiences an increase in temperature. This increase in the average temperature of earth has given way to systemic changes in the physical systems of the earth. For instance, the rise in temperature is experienced most in the poles. The systemic effect that this causes is that the ice melts in the poles which cause further change in the climatic patterns and ecologica l patterns in other parts of the globe. The warming in the poles along with change in wind pattern would result in colder winters in continental Europe. Similarly, West Africa would receive more rains while central Africa won’t receive enough rain (Venkataramanan & Smitha, 2011). ... The most important source for this is fossil fuel emissions. Whenever a fossil fuel is burnt in form of fuel as in the case of cars, aero plane or industrial units, carbon dioxide is emitted to the atmosphere and it gets accumulated. The chart below represents the sector wise contribution of green house gas emissions. Fig 1: Sector wise contribution of green house gas emission Source(Venkataraman & Smitha, 2011) The natural form of reversal of this accumulation process is the vegetation which absorbs carbon dioxide as a source of energy. However, the indiscriminate human intervention with the green cover of the earth is hindering this natural process. Deforestation limits the scope of carbon emitted into the atmosphere being absorbed by plants. Thus the amount of carbon in the atmosphere keeps increasing causing the globe to be warmer. Moreover, when plants are destroyed and they decay, the carbon stored in them is released back into the atmosphere which aggregates the problem. There are natural systems which are called ‘carbon sinks’ which stores carbon for thousands of years. The chain of activities as explained above results in these carbon sinks to fail. If the carbon stored in these carbon sinks are released, it may result in detrimental effects on earth’s various systems. It has been found that oceans which are carbon sinks are failing in their capacity to store carbon (Venkataramanan & Smitha, 2011). This is resulting in ocean water to turn acidic. This would in turn mean that ocean life will largely be affected. It is the green life within the ocean that helps the ocean to store carbon (Barnett, et al. 2005). Thus this act like a chain reaction where in the ocean turns acidic and the plants

History 7a Mid- Term Essay Example for Free

History 7a Mid- Term Essay The Era of Exploration witnessed the rapid political, economic, and social intrusion of Europe into the New World. Between the 15th and 17th Centuries several countries influenced the developement of the Americas. Select the most successful and infleuntial colony and compare it with another European Colonial structure. Be sure to include historical themes in your written argument. 3. The key to the colonial, structure of the United States in firmly established in 17th Century England. In reality, the foudation of the United States is a reflection of this country. Trace the economic/political/cultural influences of Britain on our colonial structure. In your a nswer include important individuals, governmental structures, events, social policies and historical themes. 4. Analzye and contrast the historical development of the Southern Colonies 1603- 1783. In your answer, include historical themes, reasons for colonial impementation, regional development, economic structure, religious importance or lack of it, the instittution of Slavery and the ramifications of these colnies on the development of the United States. 5. New England is the mother culture of Modern United States. Analyze thsis statement by describing the Colonial Foudation of, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut and New Hampshire 1620-1783. How have their histories infleunced the development of contemporary United States? How have these areas impacted our societys

Race-Based Traffic Stops in the US Essay -- racial profiling, police st

Imagine driving home, on a pleasant evening, after a tedious day at work. Just as you are about to arrive to your neighborhood, you notice blue and red flashing lights and pull over. It seems the police officer has no reason for stopping you, except to search your vehicle because of your suspiciously perceived skin tone. This unnecessary traffic stop, designed for people of colored skin, happens on numerous occasions and has been termed Driving While Black or Brown. Racial profiling is the act of using race or ethnicity as grounds for suspecting someone of having committed a crime. Race-based traffic stops are dangerous for people of color, since they can happen anytime; various African Americans and Latinos modify their driving habits in uncommon ways. For example, some completely avoid predominately white suburbs, in fear of police involvements for looking out of place. Some intentionally drive ordinary vehicles or change his or her dressing style, and others who drive long distances even factor in extra time for the inescapable traffic stops (Harris). â€Å"From 2005 to mid-2008, approximately eighty percent of total stops made were of Blacks and Latinos, who comprise twenty-five percent and twenty-eight percent of New York City’s total population, respectively. During this same time period, only about ten percent of stops were of Whites, who comprise forty-four percent of the city’s population† (â€Å"Restoring a National Consensus†). Ray Kelly, appointed Police Commissioner by Mayor Michael Bloomberg, of New York in 2013, has not only accepted stop-and-frisk, a program that allows law enforcers to stop individuals and search them, but has multiplied its use. Kelly argued that New Yorkers of color, who have been unevenly targeted un... ...inspired action at the state and local level. The ACLU calls on legislators in every state to pass laws that will allow the practice of traffic enforcement to be statistically monitored continuously. Fourth, the Justice Department should ban racial profiling in all federally funded drug interdiction programs. Fifth, the fifty largest cities in the United States should voluntarily collect traffic stop data (â€Å"Restoring a National Consensus†). Earl G. Graves said, â€Å"Fifty years after Dr. Martin Luther King expressed his dream that African Americans would someday be judged not by the color of our skin but by the content of our character, the line between the suspect is a black male and black males are suspect remains dangerously thin.† Our nation needs to follow the five-step plan outlined by ACLU to allow our members of society safety and equal rights for one another.

ASL Challenge Paper

ASL is more than a language; it is a miracle. I find myself often perplexed by the difficulty that must have come with making a language solely from hands. It is amazing that there was a nationwide speaking of the hands for the deaf community and anyone who is interested to learn can Join in easily, but only if they can hoop over some of the languages major challenges. In the article â€Å"Why is Learning American Sign Language a Challenge? † by Professor Mike Kent, he discusses the top 5 ASL challenges he has come across.The first challenge being social dominance patterns and attitude. This challenge is definitely a struggle for many new learners. People think that the deaf are nothing more than handicapped human beings that can't do normal acts like the rest of the population. Referring to the motivation portion of Professor Kent's article we find that there are 2 types of motivations when it comes to learning ASL. Thus the view that a person has of being above the deaf most commonly comes from the instrumentally motivated because they often lack the contact with the deaf community.The nstrumentally motivated have ties to the deaf community and are less likely to think of themselves as above the hearing impaired. The aspect of culture and attitude also fits in with the social dominance challenge. It is challenging to master the correct sign etiquette in the culture and also you must have a positive attitude about sign language because a negative attitude is easy to spot. A second challenge when it comes to learning American Sign Language people often run into is properties of Ll grammar transferred into L2 grammar. This may be the second most challenging bstacle to get over when learning ASL.The constant grammatical difference especially with question sentence with the W question words. In English we are used to putting the question word at the beginning of our sentences but in ASL the words are placed at the end. Like in the article the example of a n ative Spanish speaker learning English is a brilliant comparison. Congruence, which is personally the most challenging aspect of American Sign Language for me, is another challenge mentioned in the article. It is definitely hard to gain the confidence to communicate roudly in a brand new language instead of a native language.The constant fear of messing up, not fitting in, or sounding/looking Just plain stupid is always leering. This is especially the case in ASL. There are many things to take in consideration when it comes to ASL such as proper etiquette which also goes along with culture. From getting a person attention, having a conversation in a crowded room, or being in the way of a two peoples sight view of signs. There are exact ways that would be appropriate to handle these things but a slight mishap can make you come off as ery rude.This is definitely a major challenge when learning a new language because it all comes down to different cultures. ASL is like a culture in its way that it has its own acceptable behaviors and unacceptable behaviors. A four challenge mentioned is language shock. ASL is something that definitely takes a while to get used to. When someone all of a sudden has to use there hands in a certain way and also bend their fingers and arms at angles that are not normally used. That's why it is super important to do hand stretchers so it is possible to get the most hand motion and ot mouth or say what you are trying to sign.This is very difficult and can become a major challenge in the very beginning and can be frustrating but it's essential to only use your hands when communicating with a deaf person. Patience is key. The final challenge is that there are two types of motivations that gives people the will to learn sign language. These people fall into 2 categories. One, instrumental motivation is for all those people that want to benefit in there career with another language or are asked to take classes for a Job. This person will Ju st go to pass the tests but will quickly learn and forget the language.Even in our case as students it is technically an intellectual motivation for our degree but for many there is an actual reason they wanted to take ASL. When there is an outside motivation people are categorized as integratively motivated learners. These people have a significant person in their life that is deaf and only communicates through ASL or a friend or a colleague. Their motivation is stronger and the language will stick with them longer. If I had to choose ne of the above 5 most challenging things about ASL, my personal challenge would be congruence and culture.As the article mentioned sometimes ASL can feel like a revolving door that becomes too late to enter if you miss some parts for new learners. I have found myself feeling this way often. Once a conversation starts going at (which often seem hyper speed) I feel helpless because I don't know what's going on when I miss important parts of the convers ation. I find it also very challenging to not want to use my voice as I sign. I know deaf people I am communicating with won't hear it, but hey will see my mouth moving and that can often be distracting.As for Professor Kent's summary I would say I would agree with what he says. ASL is a language that can be easily forgotten and I do think that learners go through various stages. I remember when I started learning I was super excited because I was learning and memorizing everything so quickly and was quite impressed with myself. Then it does become challenging with the implied grammar rules and culture shock challenges. If you do not continue learning American Sign Language it will be forgotten.

“What Factors Contribute to Infant Mortality in Developed and Less Developed Countries?”

â€Å"What factors contribute to infant mortality in developed and less developed countries? † â€Å"Infant mortality is the number of deaths among live-born infants from birth to under age one† (Sidscenter. org, n. d. ). According to a National Vital Statistics Report in 2006, the leading causes of Infant Mortality in the U. S. were deformities, low birth weight, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, maternal complications, unintentional injuries, respiratory distress of the newborn, bacterial sepsis, neonatal haemorrhage and diseases of the circulatory system (Heron, M. P. , Murphy, S. L. , Xu, J. Q. , Kochanek, K. D. , & Tejada-Vera, B. , 2006). Studies show that in less developed countries around the world some factors contributing to infant mortality are economic development, level of educational attainment, level of female educational attainment and level of expenditure on public health (Nobles, J. , Shandra, J. M. , & London, B. , 2003). In underdeveloped countries around the world, many actions need to be taken to decrease the infant mortality rate. Because of low female education about pregnancy, unlike in developed nations, women are not aware of the importance of breastfeeding in the first six months of a newborn’s life, vital antibodies are given to the child through breastfeeding. Babies in underdeveloped countries who are supplemented with tap water are at risk of infection because of contamination due to the lack of sanitation systems, this means children can die from infection, or, more commonly, dehydration from diarrhoea. In countries with malaria carrying mosquitos and other disease carrying insects, the use of insecticide sprayed sleeping nets is available, but due to low income, the cost of these nets, around five dollars, is a large percentage of many people’s gross incomes (Balbierz, A. N. n. d. ). â€Å"The goal of these nets is the protection of sleeping infants from contractile diseases† (Balbierz, A. N. n. d. ). Vaccination is another important way to prevent disease and therefore, infant mortality. UNICEF developed a network of vaccine refrigerators and trained health care workers that were strategically placed in disease stricken areas of developing countries. † (Peck, P. , 2003). Nutrition for all people as well as mothers and infants needs to be addressed in these underdeveloped nations, prenatal and postnatal care, vaccination and health promotion would all help in reducing the infant mortality rate in many countries around the orld, as well as increasing the health a nd quality for life for all the people in these countries (Peck, P. , 2003). The Academy for Educational Development, AED, is an organization that is working hard to make infant mortality rates decrease, â€Å"each day 80 newborns die in Mali, every three hours a woman in Mali dies due to complications from pregnancy or childbirth† (Academy for Educational Development [AED], 2004). The AED has created a team of 20 people; including a mid-wife, paediatrician, statistician, economist, sociologist, and educator; these people have â€Å"reviewed both local and international surveys, studies, and reports to estimate the cost of inadequate maternal and newborn health services in terms of the number of lives lost and the economic impact on their country† (AED, 2004). Two ways this team of professionals plans to address infant mortality in Mali is by the ‘Reduce’ and ‘Alive’ approaches. The ‘Reduce’ strategy will look at mothers not seeking help in time, not being able to reach health care services due to lack of transportation, and the delay of help when they do reach hospitals or clinics. The ‘Alive’ strategy will look at the cleanliness of the delivery and the cutting of the umbilical cord, the wrapping of the baby in blankets and the cleaning of the baby after delivery, and breastfeeding lessons soon after birth. Breastfeeding is one of the most important factors in this strategy, especially because of the Colostrum which is produced in the mother’s mammary glands which helps build the infants immunity. Income, education and medical care are key factors in the infant mortality rate in underdeveloped countries, as well as community influence and its social and economic wellbeing, an infant needs support from family, community and the government to ensure infant survival (Buckely, K. A. , Koontz, A. M. , & Casey, S. , 1998). Infant mortality in developed countries is declining in recent years, in Australia the Infant Mortality Rate is higher due to the deaths among Indigenous infants. The decrease in the amount of deaths is largely due to improvements in social public health conditions, immunisation, and antibiotics. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome has been reduced due to the education of mothers in wrapping their children tightly and placing them on their back or side when sleeping (New South Wales Department of Health, 2008). The main causes of Infant Mortality in developed countries is eformities that develop during the growth of the foetus in the womb, disorders developed due to premature births and low birth weights, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, maternal complications during pregnancy, and respiratory distress in a newborn (International Medical News Group, 2004). Unlike in underdeveloped countries, lack of education and poverty is not as much of a prevalent cause for the death of infants, developed c ountries also have less exposure to diseases, especially ones carried by insects etc. However, when we look at the highest Infant Mortality Rates around the world, and discover that they are highest in poor and underdeveloped countries, we cannot assume its causes are only present in here. For example: the Indigenous people of Australia have higher Infant deaths because they are not educated as well as caucasian citizens, their involvement in the education system is often small and their socio-economic status is often low (Richer, K. , Godfrey, J. , Partington, G. , Harslett, M. , & Harrison, B. , 1998). All around the world developed countries have ghettos or poor areas, and in these areas similar conditions could be causes of Infant Mortality like in underdeveloped nations. Infant Mortality cannot be eliminated, but it can be combated and reduced significantly worldwide. Public Health issues are highly affected by poverty, to which there is no solution. Even though poverty does make the Infant Mortality Rate a lot higher, it does not mean the mortality rate discriminates to one class of people either. Infant Mortality is found in all income levels, urban and rural areas, in all countries all over the world. In 2004, the Institute of Medicine said that â€Å"a lack of health insurance coverage causes 18,000 unnecessary deaths per year† (James, J. S. , 2010) in the U. S. alone. This could be reduced significantly, and with volunteers and international cooperation, Infant Mortality Rates can be reduced. BIBLIOGRAPHY Academy for Educational Development. AED Advocacy Models Help Combat Infant and Maternal Mortality. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from http://www. aed. org/News/Stories/reduce-and-alive. cfm Balbierz, A. N. (n. d. ). Infant Mortality. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from http://www. cwru. du/med/epidbio/mphp439/Infant_Mortality. htm Buckely, K. A. , Koontz, A. M. , & Casey, S. (1998). Fetal and Immortality Review. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from http://www. acog. org/departments/dept_notice. cfm? recno=10&bulletin=4752 Heron, M. P. , Murphy, S. L. , Xu, J. Q. , Kochanek, K. D. , & Tejada-Vera, B. Deaths: Final data for 2006. National Vital Statistics Reports, 57(14). International Medical News Group. (2004). Top five causes for infant mortality. OB/GYN News. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0CYD/is_10_39/ai_n6078883/ James, J. S. (2010). Institute of Medicine Calls for Universal Health Insurance by 2010. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from http://www. aidsnews. org/2004/01/IOM. html National Sudden and Unexpected Infant/Child Death & Pregnancy Loss Resource Center. Definitions. Retrieved March 28, 2010, from http://www. sidscenter. org/definitions. html New South Wales Department of Health. (2008). International rankings of infant mortality. Sydney: Report of the Chief Health Officer. Nobles, J. , Shandra, J. M. , & London, B. (2003). â€Å"Dependency, Democracy, Education, and Infant Mortality: A Quantitative, Cross-National Analysis of Less Developed Countries†. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Atlanta Hilton Hotel, Atlanta, GA Online . 2009-05-26 from http://www. allacademic. com/meta/p107575_index. html Peck, P. (2003). 11 Million Forgotten Children. Retrieved March, 29, 2010, from http://www. countercurrents. org/archive02-01150703. htm Richer, K. , Godfrey, J. , Partington, G. , Harslett, M. , Harrison, B. (1998). Attitudes of Aboriginal students to further education. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from http://www. aare. edu. au/98pap/ric98095. htm

Hard Times and the Victorian Era essays

Hard Times and the Victorian Era essays Charles Dickens novel, Hard Times was written during the Victorian Era, right at the height of the Victorian Era. The Victorian era represented England under the rule of Queen Victoria. The culture was saturated with class structure, seeing the aristocracy immense amounts of wealth being reduced to pennies as the number of wealthy industrialist increased. During the Victorian era, England was seeing a major shift in their culture, moving away from agriculture towards a more industrial economy. This novel created characters from all classes and eras, showing the contrast in their lifestyles and how each one suffers at the injustices that face them. Louisa Gradgrind is the eldest child of Thomas Gradgrind. She is beautiful, practical, and completely detached from her emotions. Throughout this novel, Louisa shows a form of injustice common of most women in her class. Dickens uses her character to show that the lives of the upper middle class and economically stable are not guaranteed a fair shake in life and that underneath the wealth and the prestige of a proper upbringing do not make her immune to having a blemish in any aspect of her life. Her injustice is not linked to the types that one associates with the law but serves to be one that affects her personality and gives her the type of life deprived of many necessary social bonds and connections. This type of social injustice that Louisa experiences is a result of her upbringing and affects many of her relationships with the opposite sex and alters the course of her life negatively which serves to be an injustice in itself. Louisa is a prime example of what can happen when ones gives too much of their self and gives it away to freely. Where her father is concerned, Louisa is the epitome of the perfect daughter. Had it not been for her emotional breakdown, she would have been the quintessential child, suppressing her emotions and being a walking cost benefit ana...

Common Family Myths and Stories

Common Family Myths and Stories Nearly every family has a cherished story or two regarding their distant ancestors - one that has been handed down from generation to generation. While some of these stories probably have a lot of truth in them, others are actually more myth than reality. Perhaps its a story that youre connected to Jesse James or a Cherokee princess, or that a town in the old country is named after your ancestors. How can you prove or disprove these family stories? Write Them Down Hidden in the embellishments of your familys story are probably at least a few grains of truth. Ask all of your relatives about the famous legend, and write down everything they tell you - no matter how insignificant it may seem. Compare the different versions, looking for inconsistencies, as they may indicate those parts are less likely to be rooted in fact. Ask for Backup Ask your relatives if they know of any items or records which may help document the family story. It doesnt often happen, but sometimes if the story has been carefully handed down from generation to generation, then other items may have been preserved as well. Consider the Source Is the person telling the story someone who was in a position to have experienced the event first-hand? If not, ask them who they got the story from and attempt to work your way back to the original source. Is this relative known as the storyteller in the family? Often good storytellers are more likely to embellish a story so as to elicit a favorable response. Bone Up on History Spend some time reading about the history of the time, place or person which relates to your familys story or legend. Background historical knowledge may help you prove or disprove the legend. Its unlikely that your great, great Grandfather was a Cherokee, for example, if he lived in Michigan in 1850. Test Your DNA While your genes may not have all the answers, a DNA test may be able to help you prove or disprove a family legend. DNA can help you determine if you descend from a particular ethnic group, your family came from a particular region, or you share a common ancestor with a particular person. Common Genealogy Myths Legends The Three Brothers MythIts always three brothers. Brothers who immigrated to America, and then headed out in different directions. Never more or less than three, and never sisters either. This is one of the favorite of all genealogy legends, and one that very rarely turns out to be true. The Cherokee Indian Princess StoryNative American ancestry is a fairly common family story  and one which may actually turn out to be true. But there really isnt such a thing as a Cherokee princess, and isnt it funny that it is almost never a Navaho, Apache, Sioux or Hopi princess? Our Name Was Changed at Ellis IslandThis is one of the most common myths found in American family history, but it actually almost never happened. Passenger lists were actually created at the port of departure, where the native names were easily understood. Its very likely the family name may have been changed at some point, but it probably didnt happen at Ellis Island. Family Inheritance MythThere are a lot of variations on this popular family story, but very rarely do they turn out to be true. Some of these myths have their roots in the numerous inheritance scams of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, while others may reflect a hope or belief that the family is related to royalty or a famous (rich) family by the same name. Unfortunately, the family inheritance story is often used by scammers to trick people out of their money.

Regulatory, Cultural and Ethical Dimensions to the Introduction of Essay

Regulatory, Cultural and Ethical Dimensions to the Introduction of International Accounting Standards - Essay Example According to the research findings companies are often placed under regulations with respect to international accounting standards to enable the accounting professionals to provide an honest and accurate financial image to company’s stakeholders. Through compliance with international accounting standards regulations, companies are bound to benefit from their investors’ confidence with regards to truthful and accurate reporting of the financial situation and performance of the company. More so, compliance to such standards would render financial information more understandable, reliable, comparable, and relevant among the users of financial information in assessing confidence in company management and making economic decisions. Regulatory dimensions of international accounting standards are subject to a two tier endorsement mechanism standards a technical and regulatory level. The regulatory level endorsement mechanism is based on proposals of local accounting commission s that decide on the levels and whether the International Accounting Standards are to be adopted. Local regulatory bodies aim to ensure that full accountability and transparency is achieved in financial reporting through both local regulations and compliance to International Accounting Standards. Countries and regions such as the European Union have enforced compliance regulations among its publicly listed companies to apply International Accounting Standards in preparation of their financial statements. ... The regulatory level endorsement mechanism is based on proposals of local accounting commissions that decide on the levels and whether the International Accounting Standards are to be adopted. Local regulatory bodies aim to ensure that full accountability and transparency is achieved in financial reporting through both local regulations and compliance to International Accounting Standards. Countries and regions such as the European Union have enforced compliance regulations among its publicly listed companies to apply International Accounting Standards in preparation of their financial statements. This is in a bid to improve transparency and foster efficiency in corporate functions in the interest of the public and more particularly, investors (Palea, 2006, p.7). On the other hand, technical level endorsement mechanism uses Accounting Technical Committees and advisory bodies made up of accounting professionals and experts from both public and private sectors. These professional accou ntants committees and advisory bodies seek to provide expertise and support that is needed to assess International Accounting Standards and to advise companies on whether or not it is suitable for them to adopt the standards according to local and country preferences and interests. However, there exist Generally Accepted Accounting Principles that encompass a wide spectrum of local and geographically dispersed accounting interests and preferences all over the world. The GAAP is a common set of accounting standards, principles and procedures that are globally applicable by companies in compiling their financial statements. More so, GAAP include a combination of commonly accepted practices and local board authoritative policies and standards of reporting

Marketing Strategy for Coca-Cola Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Marketing Strategy for Coca-Cola - Essay Example This means that a rethink of the strategies of yesteryears was the main focus so as to remain strong despite the competition. Discussion The major focus was on how consumers choose what to buy so that the company could use the information to customize the products so that they conform to the needs of these customers. There are a myriad of reasons that drive consumption that are going to be assessed in this paper. Marketers generally concede that the most difficult thing to analyze is what drives specific customers to make specific purchases (Thackston, 2005). There are two major reasons that drive these purchases. The first is for personal reasons whereas the second is mostly on external factors in the business market. Perhaps the greatest influence of consumer behavior is how the products are perceived. The perception filter is the conscious and subconscious view of the products drawn from the information sourced from a myriad of stimuli. The process of filtering perception is four- stepped. The first thing is exposure to the stimuli, followed by attention to the stimuli, third is the awareness of the stimuli and finally, there is the retention of the tenets of the stimuli (Christ, 2011). All the steps are generally pegged on how people learn as this is diverse. The Coca-Cola Company is a multinational company that has the services of the best marketers at its disposal. These marketers therefore know how to affect the perception of their brands in the eyes of the consumer. The use of advertisements is the major tool of influencing these perceptions although it is also very difficult since there is advertisement clutter in the media. Creativity is therefore of essence and the message must be captivating to arouse interest. Basically, the message of the advertisement must be precise so that it is not decoded negatively in people and also must be positively interpreted. The second factor affecting how consumers purchase products is their attitudes towards the prod ucts (Christ, 2011). This generally points to how people feel about the product as well as the company. For one to have an attitude there must be an element of conviction on the information possessed. Therefore, changing negative attitudes take a lot of effort. The company marketers must be focused on the contributors to the negative attitudes. This requires that the process be very involving so that negative sentiments are aired. In the same instance, it is fundamental that the Coca-Cola Company analyzes why some consumers have positive attitudes towards the competitor’s products so as to try and lure them by reflecting the strengths they see in those products. Thirdly, consumer purchases are influenced by the knowledge that they possess (Christ, 2011). This is the sum of all the experiences and information that consumers possess. Knowledge is also largely dependent on how the consumer perceives the world. The Coca-Cola Company has to use a large number of researches so as t o gauge what the consumers know about their products. When crafting campaigns to market their products, it is important to aim at correcting the wrong knowledge that may be possessed as well as educate consumers on the products. Other internal influences that the Coca-Cola Company should be aware of include the personalities of their customers, their lifestyles, their role in the society they live in and also what motivates them. All of these are important as they aid in

Quiz 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Quiz 4 - Assignment Example Nixon (1974) outcome was influenced by then President Richard Nixon who authoritatively and defiantly interfered with the investigation process regarding the controversies surrounding the Democratic Party (Greenburg 58). Besides, the implementation of court policies is influenced by the Congress. As a supreme organ, Congress has a lot of say on exactly how judicial policies can be implemented in the country. However, this might at times go against the interpretation of the lower courts (Abraham 397). Lastly, the implementation of court decisions is influenced by the discretion of the lower courts. Since it is the Supreme Court that make decisions, their interpretations are always left for the lower courts. This does not effectively work because most of the decisions are vague and might not be properly interpreted by the judges of the lower courts. According to the US constitution, judiciary should be an independent institution. Meaning, it is free to discharge its duties without an unnecessary influence from any person or organ of the government (Beard 71). However, there are several occasions in which the judiciary has suffered retaliatory attacks from the Congress and president. For instance, in 1937, February, President Roosevelt Franklin retaliated the Supreme Court over its decisions regarding New Deal legislation. It was a very controversial attack that really shaped the political and judicial climate of the

Evaluation Of Total Quality Management (TQM)

Evaluation Of Total Quality Management (TQM) A critical evaluation of total quality management (TQM) and its influences on competitive advantage. The case of Trinidad and Tobago Petroleum Marketing Company Limited (NP), automotive lubricant division 1.1 Background Slack (2004) explains that Quality management is extremely important in gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. Growth, survival and attainment of strategic goals are all major issues of any organization quality therefore become a major issue. Existing as a private label company NP has made their way into a market filled with experienced multinationals via for increased market share. Competitors compete in terms of pricing and quality, thus NP has to make a strong dent into the impact of the customer on these bases. Vying for increased market share the need for core competencies arises and as such quality should be the number one focus. 1.2 Company background As with many companies The Trinidad and Tobago National Petroleum Marketing Company Limited (NP) has an unfolding history. This company is owned by the Government of Trinidad and Tobago and incorporated in 1972. Many acquisitions by the Government took place which put NP in its position within the industry today. NP acquired the assets of Shell Trinidad Limited thereby inheriting their Lubricant Blending Plant sited at Sea Lots, on the outskirts of Port of Spain. Under license, it continued to produce a range of lubricants, blended according to the Shell formulations, until the National Petroleum Brand of lubricants was launched in 1981. Since then NP continues to improve its product rating, they keep abreast of significant technological advancement in the lubricants industry. Despite competition from multi-national companies, NP brand continues to be a major player in the local and Caribbean markets, where ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s automotive and industrial lubricating oils and greases hold varying, but significant market share. NP stands out as one of the most successful state enterprises in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.  [1]   1.3 Mission 1.4 Vision 1.5 Rationale for the study Rivalry has always been a major determinant of quality of products or services. Quality management and competitive advantage is a marriage necessary for the success of a company. Thus the researcher believes that total quality management principles can be applied within NPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operations to gain an advantage over their competitors. In todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s competitive arena brand image is everything, therefore if a company is able to sell their image then increased market share can be attained. The researcher therefore believes that quality will be a key determinant on NPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s brand image and overall head point within the industry. A customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ right to boast of brands have always been a trend in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s world, thus the ability to gain customers who can boast of NPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s brand is essential. This aspect will be the basis of the issue as NP exists in an industry filled will multi-national players, thus competition is fierce and forceful. With the economic downfall, companies were faced with increases in production costs, thus this cost was transferred to consumers. In the first quarter of 2010 NPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s prices of its automotive lubricants rose twice. During an economic turmoil customers demand value for their money. Essentially quality will determine customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perception of products, thus ensuring a sale and continued loyalty. New methods of operations are expected to arise in an attempt to improve quality standards towards gaining a better positioning within the industry. Insights of best practices are also expected to arise. Improved efficiency and effectiveness in operations, branding, communication and services are all areas in which the researcher expects quality management to impact, thus this research can shed light on all of these areas to assist NP in attaining their mission and vision statement. 1.6 Research Aims Research question: Can the adoption of TQM contribute to competitive advantage at NP? Objectives: To critically assess the strategic TQM at NP. To evaluate the industry standards to benchmark TQM at NP. To ascertain the extent to which NP is in compliance with industry standards. To formulate recommendations with reference to quality management best practice and based on research findings. These aims are found to be most important as it is hoped to achieve a firsthand view into the quality management practices in relation to operations and how these practices contribute and impact on competitive advantage. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW First hand knowledge is gained through the experiences of trial and error; companies have been able to create quality initiatives relevant to their operations. Various scholars have also contributed to the field of quality management by proposing models and frameworks. The researcher will examine secondary data from research to be conducted and analyze this against the literature review. Major areas of this literature review will therefore be: Total quality management Quality management systems The process approach Six sigma Balanced scorecard It is against these criteria that this literature review aims to provide pertinent information to critically assess the topic at hand. A definition of what a literature review is given as 2.1 TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM) When considering business activities, ignoring quality can be a key ingredient for inefficiency and loss of profits. Hannagan (2002) claims The main objective of businesses is to make the highest profits possible; therefore one must consider the TQM issues in an attempt to succeed. 2.2 ORIGIN OF TQM Slack (2004) explains that the origin of TQM was a development by several à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"quality gurusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ beginning from as early as 1957. Feigenbaum 1957 introduced the term TQM and he defined it as 2.3 WHAT IS TQM? Slack (2004) further goes on to state that TQM is best thought of as 2.4 TQM QUALITY INITIATIVES MANAGED Hannagan (2002) presents the thought that Organizations adopt TQM as a way of life as it is proved by quality throughout production until the product or service reaches the external customer. This process is measured by the quality of materials purchased from suppliers, the approach to defect control on the production line, the appearance of the building, the way problems are solved for customers, the way employees are organized and the organizations internal communication system. Hannagan (2002) continues by saying that Hannagan (2002) goes on further by claiming that TQM is a strategic approach within an organisation which can provide an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"umbrellaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ under which a number of quality initiatives can be managed. These initiatives include: Statistical process control Right-first-time Just-in-time Quality assurance Benchmarking Quality circles Tauguchi method 2.5 CRITISM OF TQM IMPLEMENTATION Slack (20004) argues that These programmes may loose their impulse over time. This has been variously described as quality disillusionment and quality droop. Various researchers and consultants who have implemented TQM, Slack (2004) argues have put forward prescriptions which are intended to reduce the risk of recurring. These include the following: Do not define à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"qualityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in TQM narrowly; it includes all aspects of performance. Make all quality improvement relate to the performance objectives of the operations. TQM is a means of improving performance and not an end in itself. TQM should not be viewed as a substitute for responsibilities of normal managerial leadership. It is important to note that ineffective managers are not made better simply by adopting TQM. TQM is not an attachment of a company. It should be integrated with and indistinguishable from everyday activities. TQM has a considerable intuitive attraction. It is sometimes tempting to exploit the motivation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"pullà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of TQM rather than thoroughly thought-out plans. Different organizations will have different needs depending on their circumstances. TQM should be adapted to these circumstances. Companies may push quality for its own sake, and shift too much responsibility down to the shop floor. In addition TQM is incompatible with more radical improvement approaches such as business process reengineering (BPR). TQM may also imply empowerment and liberal attitude toward shop floor staff; however it is argued that this is merely a further example of management exploiting workers. Critics have been known to define TQM as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“management by stressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. 2.6 QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (QMS) AND PROCESSES A SIMPLE FLOWCHART SHOWING HOW PROCESSES ARE CHARTED IN AN ORGANISATION SOURCE: http://www.praxiom.com/process-approach.htm QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (QMS) PRINCIPLES AND STANDARDS SOURCE: http://www.abcb.demon.co.uk/iso9k2kworkbook_part5.html Quality management system seeks to identify external quality related input requirements specified in Licenses to Trade, regulations, specified customer requirements and the chosen management system standard(s). In addition quality systems seek to define performance measures, as applicable, to the system requirements and generate the result or evidence that system requirements have been executed. The next step is to measure, monitor and report extent of compliance with these performance measures.  [2]   To achieve a standard the first step is to implement a QMS. Implementing a QMS can help your business to: achieve greater consistency, reduce expensive mistakes, increase efficiency, gain customer satisfaction, effectively market your business, exploit new markets manage growth more effectively and constantly improve your products, processes and systems. 2.7 THE PROCESS APPROACH The ISO 9000 series of standards is the main set of International Standards applying to the management of quality systems. It includes ISO 9001, the key internationally agreed standard for a QMS. Achieving ISO 9001 certification could mean new business. This certification can help distinguish à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ from competitors.   Slack (2004) refers to the ISO 9000 series as Slack (2004) recognizes that there are four additional principles which ISO 9000 stresses upon. He argues that quality management should be customer focused. In addition he states that quality performance should be measured. Thirdly Slack sees the need for quality management to be improvement driven. Fourthly top management must demonstrate their commitment to maintaining and continually improving management systems. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CERTIFICATION ADVANTAGES: 1. Increased Efficiency: Companies that go through the ISO 9001:2000 Quality Management Standards certification process have given a lot of thought to their processes and how to maximize quality and efficiency. 2. Increased Revenue: Studies have shown that ISO QMS certified companies experience increased productivity and improved financial performance, compared to uncertified companies. 3. Customer Satisfaction: Client confidence is gained because of the universal acceptance of the ISO standards. Customer satisfaction is ensured because of the benefits of ISO 9001:2000 QMS to company efficiency, consistency and dedication to quality service.  [3]   DISADVANTAGES: The actual change to ISO 9000 for operations can be very expensive. As is well known in business and industry, it is difficult to change the habits of long-time employees. New ways are usually resisted by everyone. This resistance cuts into profits and also decreases company morale. There are times when companies feel that the existing set of operational procedures is already working well and they do not feel a change is necessary. Now these companies have the choice of loosing a customer or implementing ISO 9000. Either way money is lost in the short term.  [4]   2.8 SIX SIGMA INITIATIVES Six Sigma simply means a measure of quality that strives for near perfection. Six Sigma is a disciplined, data-driven approach and methodology for eliminating defects in any process whether it is from manufacturing to transactional and from product to service. The fundamental objective of the Six Sigma methodology is the implementation of a measurement-based strategy that focuses on process improvement and variation reduction through the application of Six Sigma improvement projects.  [5]   Slack (2004) explains that Six Sigma processes are executed via belts. Master Black Belts are the experts in the use of Six Sigma tools, techniques and implementations. Six Sigma Black Belts can take a direct hand in organizing improvement teams. Green Belts work within improvement teams; they are not full-time positioned and have normal day-to-day process responsibilities. It is expected that they spend at least twenty per cent of their time in improvement projects. ARGUMENTS FOR AND against THE SIX SIGMA INITIATIVE Slack (2004) identifies the following positive perspectives of the Six Sigma initiative: Improvement activity is generally neglected in most operations and if it is to be taken seriously, it deserves the significant investment required. If operated well, Six Sigma improvement projects controlled by experienced personnel can save more than their cost. Slack (2004) identifies the following flaws of the Six Sigma initiative. It can be too hierarchical in the way it structures its various levels of involvement in the improvement activity. It is expensive. Training and improvement time can prove to be costly. 2.9 THE BALANCED SCORECARD The balanced scorecard is a strategic planning and management system that is used  to align business activities to the vision and strategy of the organization, improve internal and external communications, and monitor organization performance against strategic goals. It was originated by Drs. Robert Kaplan and David Norton  as a performance measurement framework  that  added strategic  non-financial performance measures to traditional financial metrics to  give managers and executives a  more balanced view of organizational performance.   DIAGRAM SHOWING THE VIEW OF THE BALANCED SCORECARD FROM FOUR PERSPECTIVES SOURCE:http://www.balancedscorecard.org/BSCResources/AbouttheBalancedScorecard/tabid/55/Default.aspx The balanced scorecard suggests that we view the organization from four perspectives, and to develop metrics, collect data and analyze it relative to each of these perspectives: The Learning Growth Perspective includes employee training and corporate cultural attitudes related to both individual and corporate self-improvement. The Business Process Perspective refers to internal business processes. Metrics based on this perspective allow the managers to know how well their business is running, and whether its products and services conform to customer requirements. The Customer Perspective explains that the realization of the importance of customer focus and customer satisfaction in any business is essential. The Financial Perspective states that often there is more than enough handling and processing of financial data. With the implementation of a corporate database, it is hoped that more of the processing can be centralized and automated.  [6]   Quality indeed provides companies with a competitive edge. Total quality management looks at a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operations holistically and determines best practice quality initiatives. Though there are pitfalls to the strategic implication of TQM, compilation of proper initiatives can reduce the occurrence of such pitfalls. TQM initiatives can also result in customer satisfaction, thereby resulting in customer loyalty. 3.0 METHODOLOGY Saunders (2003) simply defines methodology as Haralambos (2000) however goes a bit further by explaining what methodology is concerned with. He sees methodology as being The research to be conducted will take a deductive approach. This research approach is found to be the most appropriate, as a topic/ hypothesis is designed and a research strategy is designed to test the topic/ hypothesis. Although the research is a deductive piece of work, the researcher will adopt a mixed approach to data collection. That is the research paradigm will be a mixture of both qualitative and quantitative data. Generally the philosophies used are positivists and phenomenologist. Triangulation research will be conducted as this will increase validity and reliability. Research question: Can the adoption of total quality management (TQM) contribute to competitive advantage at NP? Having formulated the research topic it is essential that the researcher answers the research question. Thus essentially the researcher will undertake many strategies in addressing this question. By conducting structured research via hypothesis testing and analyze of information based on best practices and recommendations the answer to the research question will be attained. Thus the use of both primary and secondary data collection tools will be profound for this question. OBJECTIVE ONE: To critically assess the strategic total quality management initiatives at NP. In collecting data for objective one the researcher has found it fit to use case studies. Robson (2002) defines case study AS The data collection methods will include questionnaires, interviews, observations and documentary analysis. The researcher will select interviews and documentary analysis in an attempt to collect the data required. Interviews will be conducted by the researcher. Structured interviews will be utilized. Two groups will be targeted: quality control managers and quality supervisors. This will be done in an attempt to gain information based on the quality methods and standards N.P. currently has. Also to establish the quality initiatives deployed from subordinates in the upper section of the organizational structure. This data collection method will be of primary nature. Interviews will be conducted to these groups because these are the groups with the required information. Documentation analysis will also be selected as a means of data collection. The method used is necessary to gain information about N.P. and their documents based on quality control. It is intended to identify inspection points, certifications, specifications and any other relevant documents based on quality control initiatives. This data collection method is of secondary nature. This method will be used as it is upon these documents that N.P. thrives for their quality standards. Analytical technique: the funnel technique will be used in conducting interviews. Quality initiatives are not easily shared therefore by beginning the interview with general questions and narrowing down, the groups targeted will feel comfortable and easy going thereby gaining the information desired. Justification of methods: The researcher has found it useful to conduct interviews as detailed information is gained from people in a face-to-face situation, thereby allowing interviewers to explore issues in- depth. This method has its downside as it gives rise to the possibility of biasness due to interaction. In conducting documentation analysis the researcher will analyze documents in an attempt to identify trends in sales performance relative to competitorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ performance with respect to the quality initiatives employed at this company. OBJECTIVE TWO: To evaluate the industry standards to benchmark TQM at NP. In collecting data for objective two the researcher found it useful to conduct surveys. Letts (2000) explains Saunders (2003) goes on further on this point by claiming that Data here is collected by using questionnaires, structured observations and structured interviews. Data collected from surveys are standardized, allowing easy comparison. The researcher will use questionnaires and structured observations in an attempt to collect the necessary data. A questionnaire will be constructed containing twenty five questions, in which respondents will be asked to answer. The questionnaire will be handed out to other companies within the industry. These companies include Bel-Ray, Castrol, Havoline and Shell. A total of 10 questionnaires each will be given out at these companies. These questionnaires will be given to members within the quality departments of these companies. These members will be randomly selected within the department. Questionnaires will be given out to these members as it was them who will have the required information. Structured observations will also be used to collect data. The researcher will adopt a participant observation approach to this method. While at the various service stations, quick shops and auto mechanic parts shops the researcher will spend time observing customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ choice of lubricants when other brands are available. In addition observations will be made based on the prices of other brands compared to N.P.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s brand and customer perception of quality based upon this factor. Research will be done on both customers and companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ quality departments. This will be undertaken as gaining an increased market share results in gaining a resource capability towards having a competitive advantage. Thus customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s preferences of one product over another will give the researcher the entities of what constitutes competitive advantage based on quality. Thus making room for opportunities for benchmarking based on specifications u tilized by other companies within the industry. Justification of methods: Questionnaires will be utilized as the researcher wishes to question a large number of individuals within a short space of time. Time would constraint the researcher in conducting interviews with 40 persons individually within the industry. Participant observation will be used in an attempt to gain a complete understanding of the views, preferences and beliefs of the people being surveyed. In addition the researcher will interact with individuals of the sample in an attempt to gain reasons for their choice. The researcher will acknowledge that there will be a major drawback by using questionnaires. That is they cannot address issues in-depth. It is for this reason that participant observation will be used hand in hand with the questionnaire as it will allow individuals to go in depth on issues. Analytical technique: the researcher will use cognitive access in an attempt to gain information from customers. Participant observation requires interactive processes, therefore it is crucial to gain entry and carry out the research. The researcher acknowledges the fact that informal acceptance from intended participants will be necessary in order to gain access to the required information. Cognitive access will be used as it is necessary for participants to feel understood and this will allow the researcher to gain an understanding of their social reality by allowing them to know what is being studied and the objective. This aims at making participants openly give information based on the objective of the research. Objective three: To ascertain the extent to which NP is in compliance with industry standards. Documentation analysis will be selected as the means of data collection for the attainment of this objective. This method is necessary for analyzing the information gained about N.P.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s documentations based on quality control. The N.P.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s quality initiatives discovered will be scrutinized along side information attained from the industry analysis. It is intended to identify gaps within the operation requirements relevant to inspection points, certifications, specifications and any other relevant quality control initiatives. This data collection method is of secondary nature. This method will be used as it is upon these analyses that gaps will be identified and compliance standards assessed. Justification of methods: documentation analysis was found to be the most appropriate method as it will provide comparative and contextual data. This method will allow the researcher to compare and contrast findings when compared to secondary data. OBJECTIVE FOUR: To formulate recommendations with reference to quality management best practice and based on research findings. In collecting data for objective three the researcher will use the multiple- source secondary data process. This objective will be achieved by evaluating the literature and documentary secondary data and matching up the findings to the survey- based secondary data. Documentary secondary data uses a combination of primary and secondary data. By reviewing the literature based on the selected topic, quality management best practice in relation to N.P. will be determined. In addition companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s print out from their intranet will be used to gain an inside view of N.P.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective of quality management best practice. Survey- based secondary data will allow the researcher to compare the findings gained from doing research via survey and case study methods to information derived from documentary secondary data. The researcher will be able to make recommendations based on this comparison. The comparison of the findings from both documentary secondary data and survey base secondary data will be necessary as this is the method which will reveal the necessary information. Justification of methods: The multiple- source secondary data process was found to be the most appropriate as it will provide comparative and contextual data. This method will allow the researcher to compare and contrast findings when compared to secondary data. The researcher however acknowledges the fact that there may be no real control over the quality of data. 3.1 ethical issues The research will guard against any unethical methods of data collection. Essentially the criteria relevant to the methods of data collection chosen are as follows: Voluntary participation and conformed consent: all participants will not be coerced into participating in the research. Consent will be sought after from all parties to be studied. All participants will be given a through breakdown on the study and its aims. Confidentiality and anonymity: the researcher will not seek after names or any personal information which may reveal the participantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s identity. This will be made clear to all parties in advance of the method of data collection. 3.2 Limitations of study When conducting research and collecting data one must consider the limitations of the study as this may provide boundaries and barriers to gaining a representative and accurate piece of work. The researcher will therefore guard against the following: Response rate: limited time and anonymity of respondents may provide barriers to the researcher for following up on people who didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t respond, thus resulting in a low response rate. Scope of information: Companies cherishes their quality management secrets and guiding principles, therefore information on the characteristics of the quality management initiatives may not be divulged. Time: the limited timeframe allotted to conduct this study may constrain the researcher form collecting sufficient comparative data from competitors in an attempt to present a more in-depth comparative analysis. Generalization: due to the nature of the topic and the research objectives, the findings may not be applicable to other organizations. The situation, time and place may be of a different nature. 3.3 RESEARCH TOOLS The researcher will ensure that the tools and resources are available to carry out the research designs. These materials will include: Stationary tools: pens; paper and note pads. Data collection tool: questionnaires and voice recorder. Monetary tools: The researcher will require finances to reach destination to attain data. 3.4 MARGIN OF ERROR: DATA RELIABILITY, VALIDITY AND ACCURACY Reliability and accuracy: McNeil (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"research methodsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢) defines data as Data reliability therefore, is concerned with ideas such as: 1. The consistency of the data collected 2. The precision with which data is collected 3. The ability to replicate a piece of work. The reliability of data collected will be an important consideration since if data used is not reliable, then the conclusions or findings drawn will be fairly useless. Data reliability will be affected by such things as researcher bias into data collection processes, standardization and interpretation. The inability to record data accurately will cause the data to be less reliable. Validity: Data is only useful if it measures what it is supposed to measure. Validity refers to the extent to which the data collected gives true measurement of social reality.  [7]   When conducting research the concepts of reliability, validity and accuracy go hand in hand. It would be safe to say therefore that if data is reliable but not valid then it may have limited use. Also if data is valid, but not reliable the researcher may not be able to make general statements. In undertaking this research the researcher acknowledges the fact that the research will not be one hundred percent (100%) reliable, valid and accurate. However the researcher will make every attempt to achieve these in an aim to stand against scrutiny. The researcher will conduct the research in a highly professional, ethical and confidential manner. In addition all interpretations and collection of data will be made in an attempt to be unbiased. 4.0 Justification of time plan Essentially projects must conform to set deadline dates. Thus a plan is essential to ensure the successful completion within the timeframe allowed. The dates proposed are expected to conformation however contingencies will assist the researcher in any short comings. These dates are given in medium term expected time span, therefore any additional times required will be attained via slack times gained form other tasks running simultaneously. Therefore undergoing a successful dissertation a timescale becomes necessary to use to gain efficiency and complete the project on time. For the purpose of this study the duration will be six months. The stating date will be June 15th 2010 to December 15th 2010. Evaluation Of Total Quality Management (TQM) Evaluation Of Total Quality Management (TQM) A critical evaluation of total quality management (TQM) and its influences on competitive advantage. The case of Trinidad and Tobago Petroleum Marketing Company Limited (NP), automotive lubricant division 1.1 Background Slack (2004) explains that Quality management is extremely important in gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. Growth, survival and attainment of strategic goals are all major issues of any organization quality therefore become a major issue. Existing as a private label company NP has made their way into a market filled with experienced multinationals via for increased market share. Competitors compete in terms of pricing and quality, thus NP has to make a strong dent into the impact of the customer on these bases. Vying for increased market share the need for core competencies arises and as such quality should be the number one focus. 1.2 Company background As with many companies The Trinidad and Tobago National Petroleum Marketing Company Limited (NP) has an unfolding history. This company is owned by the Government of Trinidad and Tobago and incorporated in 1972. Many acquisitions by the Government took place which put NP in its position within the industry today. NP acquired the assets of Shell Trinidad Limited thereby inheriting their Lubricant Blending Plant sited at Sea Lots, on the outskirts of Port of Spain. Under license, it continued to produce a range of lubricants, blended according to the Shell formulations, until the National Petroleum Brand of lubricants was launched in 1981. Since then NP continues to improve its product rating, they keep abreast of significant technological advancement in the lubricants industry. Despite competition from multi-national companies, NP brand continues to be a major player in the local and Caribbean markets, where ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s automotive and industrial lubricating oils and greases hold varying, but significant market share. NP stands out as one of the most successful state enterprises in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.  [1]   1.3 Mission 1.4 Vision 1.5 Rationale for the study Rivalry has always been a major determinant of quality of products or services. Quality management and competitive advantage is a marriage necessary for the success of a company. Thus the researcher believes that total quality management principles can be applied within NPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operations to gain an advantage over their competitors. In todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s competitive arena brand image is everything, therefore if a company is able to sell their image then increased market share can be attained. The researcher therefore believes that quality will be a key determinant on NPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s brand image and overall head point within the industry. A customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ right to boast of brands have always been a trend in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s world, thus the ability to gain customers who can boast of NPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s brand is essential. This aspect will be the basis of the issue as NP exists in an industry filled will multi-national players, thus competition is fierce and forceful. With the economic downfall, companies were faced with increases in production costs, thus this cost was transferred to consumers. In the first quarter of 2010 NPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s prices of its automotive lubricants rose twice. During an economic turmoil customers demand value for their money. Essentially quality will determine customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perception of products, thus ensuring a sale and continued loyalty. New methods of operations are expected to arise in an attempt to improve quality standards towards gaining a better positioning within the industry. Insights of best practices are also expected to arise. Improved efficiency and effectiveness in operations, branding, communication and services are all areas in which the researcher expects quality management to impact, thus this research can shed light on all of these areas to assist NP in attaining their mission and vision statement. 1.6 Research Aims Research question: Can the adoption of TQM contribute to competitive advantage at NP? Objectives: To critically assess the strategic TQM at NP. To evaluate the industry standards to benchmark TQM at NP. To ascertain the extent to which NP is in compliance with industry standards. To formulate recommendations with reference to quality management best practice and based on research findings. These aims are found to be most important as it is hoped to achieve a firsthand view into the quality management practices in relation to operations and how these practices contribute and impact on competitive advantage. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW First hand knowledge is gained through the experiences of trial and error; companies have been able to create quality initiatives relevant to their operations. Various scholars have also contributed to the field of quality management by proposing models and frameworks. The researcher will examine secondary data from research to be conducted and analyze this against the literature review. Major areas of this literature review will therefore be: Total quality management Quality management systems The process approach Six sigma Balanced scorecard It is against these criteria that this literature review aims to provide pertinent information to critically assess the topic at hand. A definition of what a literature review is given as 2.1 TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM) When considering business activities, ignoring quality can be a key ingredient for inefficiency and loss of profits. Hannagan (2002) claims The main objective of businesses is to make the highest profits possible; therefore one must consider the TQM issues in an attempt to succeed. 2.2 ORIGIN OF TQM Slack (2004) explains that the origin of TQM was a development by several à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"quality gurusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ beginning from as early as 1957. Feigenbaum 1957 introduced the term TQM and he defined it as 2.3 WHAT IS TQM? Slack (2004) further goes on to state that TQM is best thought of as 2.4 TQM QUALITY INITIATIVES MANAGED Hannagan (2002) presents the thought that Organizations adopt TQM as a way of life as it is proved by quality throughout production until the product or service reaches the external customer. This process is measured by the quality of materials purchased from suppliers, the approach to defect control on the production line, the appearance of the building, the way problems are solved for customers, the way employees are organized and the organizations internal communication system. Hannagan (2002) continues by saying that Hannagan (2002) goes on further by claiming that TQM is a strategic approach within an organisation which can provide an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"umbrellaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ under which a number of quality initiatives can be managed. These initiatives include: Statistical process control Right-first-time Just-in-time Quality assurance Benchmarking Quality circles Tauguchi method 2.5 CRITISM OF TQM IMPLEMENTATION Slack (20004) argues that These programmes may loose their impulse over time. This has been variously described as quality disillusionment and quality droop. Various researchers and consultants who have implemented TQM, Slack (2004) argues have put forward prescriptions which are intended to reduce the risk of recurring. These include the following: Do not define à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"qualityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in TQM narrowly; it includes all aspects of performance. Make all quality improvement relate to the performance objectives of the operations. TQM is a means of improving performance and not an end in itself. TQM should not be viewed as a substitute for responsibilities of normal managerial leadership. It is important to note that ineffective managers are not made better simply by adopting TQM. TQM is not an attachment of a company. It should be integrated with and indistinguishable from everyday activities. TQM has a considerable intuitive attraction. It is sometimes tempting to exploit the motivation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"pullà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of TQM rather than thoroughly thought-out plans. Different organizations will have different needs depending on their circumstances. TQM should be adapted to these circumstances. Companies may push quality for its own sake, and shift too much responsibility down to the shop floor. In addition TQM is incompatible with more radical improvement approaches such as business process reengineering (BPR). TQM may also imply empowerment and liberal attitude toward shop floor staff; however it is argued that this is merely a further example of management exploiting workers. Critics have been known to define TQM as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“management by stressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. 2.6 QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (QMS) AND PROCESSES A SIMPLE FLOWCHART SHOWING HOW PROCESSES ARE CHARTED IN AN ORGANISATION SOURCE: http://www.praxiom.com/process-approach.htm QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (QMS) PRINCIPLES AND STANDARDS SOURCE: http://www.abcb.demon.co.uk/iso9k2kworkbook_part5.html Quality management system seeks to identify external quality related input requirements specified in Licenses to Trade, regulations, specified customer requirements and the chosen management system standard(s). In addition quality systems seek to define performance measures, as applicable, to the system requirements and generate the result or evidence that system requirements have been executed. The next step is to measure, monitor and report extent of compliance with these performance measures.  [2]   To achieve a standard the first step is to implement a QMS. Implementing a QMS can help your business to: achieve greater consistency, reduce expensive mistakes, increase efficiency, gain customer satisfaction, effectively market your business, exploit new markets manage growth more effectively and constantly improve your products, processes and systems. 2.7 THE PROCESS APPROACH The ISO 9000 series of standards is the main set of International Standards applying to the management of quality systems. It includes ISO 9001, the key internationally agreed standard for a QMS. Achieving ISO 9001 certification could mean new business. This certification can help distinguish à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ from competitors.   Slack (2004) refers to the ISO 9000 series as Slack (2004) recognizes that there are four additional principles which ISO 9000 stresses upon. He argues that quality management should be customer focused. In addition he states that quality performance should be measured. Thirdly Slack sees the need for quality management to be improvement driven. Fourthly top management must demonstrate their commitment to maintaining and continually improving management systems. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CERTIFICATION ADVANTAGES: 1. Increased Efficiency: Companies that go through the ISO 9001:2000 Quality Management Standards certification process have given a lot of thought to their processes and how to maximize quality and efficiency. 2. Increased Revenue: Studies have shown that ISO QMS certified companies experience increased productivity and improved financial performance, compared to uncertified companies. 3. Customer Satisfaction: Client confidence is gained because of the universal acceptance of the ISO standards. Customer satisfaction is ensured because of the benefits of ISO 9001:2000 QMS to company efficiency, consistency and dedication to quality service.  [3]   DISADVANTAGES: The actual change to ISO 9000 for operations can be very expensive. As is well known in business and industry, it is difficult to change the habits of long-time employees. New ways are usually resisted by everyone. This resistance cuts into profits and also decreases company morale. There are times when companies feel that the existing set of operational procedures is already working well and they do not feel a change is necessary. Now these companies have the choice of loosing a customer or implementing ISO 9000. Either way money is lost in the short term.  [4]   2.8 SIX SIGMA INITIATIVES Six Sigma simply means a measure of quality that strives for near perfection. Six Sigma is a disciplined, data-driven approach and methodology for eliminating defects in any process whether it is from manufacturing to transactional and from product to service. The fundamental objective of the Six Sigma methodology is the implementation of a measurement-based strategy that focuses on process improvement and variation reduction through the application of Six Sigma improvement projects.  [5]   Slack (2004) explains that Six Sigma processes are executed via belts. Master Black Belts are the experts in the use of Six Sigma tools, techniques and implementations. Six Sigma Black Belts can take a direct hand in organizing improvement teams. Green Belts work within improvement teams; they are not full-time positioned and have normal day-to-day process responsibilities. It is expected that they spend at least twenty per cent of their time in improvement projects. ARGUMENTS FOR AND against THE SIX SIGMA INITIATIVE Slack (2004) identifies the following positive perspectives of the Six Sigma initiative: Improvement activity is generally neglected in most operations and if it is to be taken seriously, it deserves the significant investment required. If operated well, Six Sigma improvement projects controlled by experienced personnel can save more than their cost. Slack (2004) identifies the following flaws of the Six Sigma initiative. It can be too hierarchical in the way it structures its various levels of involvement in the improvement activity. It is expensive. Training and improvement time can prove to be costly. 2.9 THE BALANCED SCORECARD The balanced scorecard is a strategic planning and management system that is used  to align business activities to the vision and strategy of the organization, improve internal and external communications, and monitor organization performance against strategic goals. It was originated by Drs. Robert Kaplan and David Norton  as a performance measurement framework  that  added strategic  non-financial performance measures to traditional financial metrics to  give managers and executives a  more balanced view of organizational performance.   DIAGRAM SHOWING THE VIEW OF THE BALANCED SCORECARD FROM FOUR PERSPECTIVES SOURCE:http://www.balancedscorecard.org/BSCResources/AbouttheBalancedScorecard/tabid/55/Default.aspx The balanced scorecard suggests that we view the organization from four perspectives, and to develop metrics, collect data and analyze it relative to each of these perspectives: The Learning Growth Perspective includes employee training and corporate cultural attitudes related to both individual and corporate self-improvement. The Business Process Perspective refers to internal business processes. Metrics based on this perspective allow the managers to know how well their business is running, and whether its products and services conform to customer requirements. The Customer Perspective explains that the realization of the importance of customer focus and customer satisfaction in any business is essential. The Financial Perspective states that often there is more than enough handling and processing of financial data. With the implementation of a corporate database, it is hoped that more of the processing can be centralized and automated.  [6]   Quality indeed provides companies with a competitive edge. Total quality management looks at a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operations holistically and determines best practice quality initiatives. Though there are pitfalls to the strategic implication of TQM, compilation of proper initiatives can reduce the occurrence of such pitfalls. TQM initiatives can also result in customer satisfaction, thereby resulting in customer loyalty. 3.0 METHODOLOGY Saunders (2003) simply defines methodology as Haralambos (2000) however goes a bit further by explaining what methodology is concerned with. He sees methodology as being The research to be conducted will take a deductive approach. This research approach is found to be the most appropriate, as a topic/ hypothesis is designed and a research strategy is designed to test the topic/ hypothesis. Although the research is a deductive piece of work, the researcher will adopt a mixed approach to data collection. That is the research paradigm will be a mixture of both qualitative and quantitative data. Generally the philosophies used are positivists and phenomenologist. Triangulation research will be conducted as this will increase validity and reliability. Research question: Can the adoption of total quality management (TQM) contribute to competitive advantage at NP? Having formulated the research topic it is essential that the researcher answers the research question. Thus essentially the researcher will undertake many strategies in addressing this question. By conducting structured research via hypothesis testing and analyze of information based on best practices and recommendations the answer to the research question will be attained. Thus the use of both primary and secondary data collection tools will be profound for this question. OBJECTIVE ONE: To critically assess the strategic total quality management initiatives at NP. In collecting data for objective one the researcher has found it fit to use case studies. Robson (2002) defines case study AS The data collection methods will include questionnaires, interviews, observations and documentary analysis. The researcher will select interviews and documentary analysis in an attempt to collect the data required. Interviews will be conducted by the researcher. Structured interviews will be utilized. Two groups will be targeted: quality control managers and quality supervisors. This will be done in an attempt to gain information based on the quality methods and standards N.P. currently has. Also to establish the quality initiatives deployed from subordinates in the upper section of the organizational structure. This data collection method will be of primary nature. Interviews will be conducted to these groups because these are the groups with the required information. Documentation analysis will also be selected as a means of data collection. The method used is necessary to gain information about N.P. and their documents based on quality control. It is intended to identify inspection points, certifications, specifications and any other relevant documents based on quality control initiatives. This data collection method is of secondary nature. This method will be used as it is upon these documents that N.P. thrives for their quality standards. Analytical technique: the funnel technique will be used in conducting interviews. Quality initiatives are not easily shared therefore by beginning the interview with general questions and narrowing down, the groups targeted will feel comfortable and easy going thereby gaining the information desired. Justification of methods: The researcher has found it useful to conduct interviews as detailed information is gained from people in a face-to-face situation, thereby allowing interviewers to explore issues in- depth. This method has its downside as it gives rise to the possibility of biasness due to interaction. In conducting documentation analysis the researcher will analyze documents in an attempt to identify trends in sales performance relative to competitorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ performance with respect to the quality initiatives employed at this company. OBJECTIVE TWO: To evaluate the industry standards to benchmark TQM at NP. In collecting data for objective two the researcher found it useful to conduct surveys. Letts (2000) explains Saunders (2003) goes on further on this point by claiming that Data here is collected by using questionnaires, structured observations and structured interviews. Data collected from surveys are standardized, allowing easy comparison. The researcher will use questionnaires and structured observations in an attempt to collect the necessary data. A questionnaire will be constructed containing twenty five questions, in which respondents will be asked to answer. The questionnaire will be handed out to other companies within the industry. These companies include Bel-Ray, Castrol, Havoline and Shell. A total of 10 questionnaires each will be given out at these companies. These questionnaires will be given to members within the quality departments of these companies. These members will be randomly selected within the department. Questionnaires will be given out to these members as it was them who will have the required information. Structured observations will also be used to collect data. The researcher will adopt a participant observation approach to this method. While at the various service stations, quick shops and auto mechanic parts shops the researcher will spend time observing customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ choice of lubricants when other brands are available. In addition observations will be made based on the prices of other brands compared to N.P.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s brand and customer perception of quality based upon this factor. Research will be done on both customers and companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ quality departments. This will be undertaken as gaining an increased market share results in gaining a resource capability towards having a competitive advantage. Thus customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s preferences of one product over another will give the researcher the entities of what constitutes competitive advantage based on quality. Thus making room for opportunities for benchmarking based on specifications u tilized by other companies within the industry. Justification of methods: Questionnaires will be utilized as the researcher wishes to question a large number of individuals within a short space of time. Time would constraint the researcher in conducting interviews with 40 persons individually within the industry. Participant observation will be used in an attempt to gain a complete understanding of the views, preferences and beliefs of the people being surveyed. In addition the researcher will interact with individuals of the sample in an attempt to gain reasons for their choice. The researcher will acknowledge that there will be a major drawback by using questionnaires. That is they cannot address issues in-depth. It is for this reason that participant observation will be used hand in hand with the questionnaire as it will allow individuals to go in depth on issues. Analytical technique: the researcher will use cognitive access in an attempt to gain information from customers. Participant observation requires interactive processes, therefore it is crucial to gain entry and carry out the research. The researcher acknowledges the fact that informal acceptance from intended participants will be necessary in order to gain access to the required information. Cognitive access will be used as it is necessary for participants to feel understood and this will allow the researcher to gain an understanding of their social reality by allowing them to know what is being studied and the objective. This aims at making participants openly give information based on the objective of the research. Objective three: To ascertain the extent to which NP is in compliance with industry standards. Documentation analysis will be selected as the means of data collection for the attainment of this objective. This method is necessary for analyzing the information gained about N.P.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s documentations based on quality control. The N.P.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s quality initiatives discovered will be scrutinized along side information attained from the industry analysis. It is intended to identify gaps within the operation requirements relevant to inspection points, certifications, specifications and any other relevant quality control initiatives. This data collection method is of secondary nature. This method will be used as it is upon these analyses that gaps will be identified and compliance standards assessed. Justification of methods: documentation analysis was found to be the most appropriate method as it will provide comparative and contextual data. This method will allow the researcher to compare and contrast findings when compared to secondary data. OBJECTIVE FOUR: To formulate recommendations with reference to quality management best practice and based on research findings. In collecting data for objective three the researcher will use the multiple- source secondary data process. This objective will be achieved by evaluating the literature and documentary secondary data and matching up the findings to the survey- based secondary data. Documentary secondary data uses a combination of primary and secondary data. By reviewing the literature based on the selected topic, quality management best practice in relation to N.P. will be determined. In addition companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s print out from their intranet will be used to gain an inside view of N.P.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective of quality management best practice. Survey- based secondary data will allow the researcher to compare the findings gained from doing research via survey and case study methods to information derived from documentary secondary data. The researcher will be able to make recommendations based on this comparison. The comparison of the findings from both documentary secondary data and survey base secondary data will be necessary as this is the method which will reveal the necessary information. Justification of methods: The multiple- source secondary data process was found to be the most appropriate as it will provide comparative and contextual data. This method will allow the researcher to compare and contrast findings when compared to secondary data. The researcher however acknowledges the fact that there may be no real control over the quality of data. 3.1 ethical issues The research will guard against any unethical methods of data collection. Essentially the criteria relevant to the methods of data collection chosen are as follows: Voluntary participation and conformed consent: all participants will not be coerced into participating in the research. Consent will be sought after from all parties to be studied. All participants will be given a through breakdown on the study and its aims. Confidentiality and anonymity: the researcher will not seek after names or any personal information which may reveal the participantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s identity. This will be made clear to all parties in advance of the method of data collection. 3.2 Limitations of study When conducting research and collecting data one must consider the limitations of the study as this may provide boundaries and barriers to gaining a representative and accurate piece of work. The researcher will therefore guard against the following: Response rate: limited time and anonymity of respondents may provide barriers to the researcher for following up on people who didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t respond, thus resulting in a low response rate. Scope of information: Companies cherishes their quality management secrets and guiding principles, therefore information on the characteristics of the quality management initiatives may not be divulged. Time: the limited timeframe allotted to conduct this study may constrain the researcher form collecting sufficient comparative data from competitors in an attempt to present a more in-depth comparative analysis. Generalization: due to the nature of the topic and the research objectives, the findings may not be applicable to other organizations. The situation, time and place may be of a different nature. 3.3 RESEARCH TOOLS The researcher will ensure that the tools and resources are available to carry out the research designs. These materials will include: Stationary tools: pens; paper and note pads. Data collection tool: questionnaires and voice recorder. Monetary tools: The researcher will require finances to reach destination to attain data. 3.4 MARGIN OF ERROR: DATA RELIABILITY, VALIDITY AND ACCURACY Reliability and accuracy: McNeil (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"research methodsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢) defines data as Data reliability therefore, is concerned with ideas such as: 1. The consistency of the data collected 2. The precision with which data is collected 3. The ability to replicate a piece of work. The reliability of data collected will be an important consideration since if data used is not reliable, then the conclusions or findings drawn will be fairly useless. Data reliability will be affected by such things as researcher bias into data collection processes, standardization and interpretation. The inability to record data accurately will cause the data to be less reliable. Validity: Data is only useful if it measures what it is supposed to measure. Validity refers to the extent to which the data collected gives true measurement of social reality.  [7]   When conducting research the concepts of reliability, validity and accuracy go hand in hand. It would be safe to say therefore that if data is reliable but not valid then it may have limited use. Also if data is valid, but not reliable the researcher may not be able to make general statements. In undertaking this research the researcher acknowledges the fact that the research will not be one hundred percent (100%) reliable, valid and accurate. However the researcher will make every attempt to achieve these in an aim to stand against scrutiny. The researcher will conduct the research in a highly professional, ethical and confidential manner. In addition all interpretations and collection of data will be made in an attempt to be unbiased. 4.0 Justification of time plan Essentially projects must conform to set deadline dates. Thus a plan is essential to ensure the successful completion within the timeframe allowed. The dates proposed are expected to conformation however contingencies will assist the researcher in any short comings. These dates are given in medium term expected time span, therefore any additional times required will be attained via slack times gained form other tasks running simultaneously. Therefore undergoing a successful dissertation a timescale becomes necessary to use to gain efficiency and complete the project on time. For the purpose of this study the duration will be six months. The stating date will be June 15th 2010 to December 15th 2010.